NEW ANDROID FLASH TOOL (ROOT TOOL)

There's a newer version of this best android flash tool. It is efficient if used correctly and has a wide compatibility range to several android smartphones.

This latest version 5 comes with several features as shown in this picture bellow.
It is always recommended that you use the right drivers and device files to make a successful flash.



 DOWNLOAD IT HERE

GOOGLE HELPOUTS

Google is launching a new product , "Helpouts, that allows users to get in touch with experts and pay them for "services" over video chat. 

 

Google is imagining that it will be used for things like cooking tips, home repair, guitar lessons, and even healthcare. First announced last August , the service is now live with a small set of partners, including Weight Watchers, Sephora, and One Medical. That list is limited by design — for now, Google is vetting anybody that wants to offer Helpout services with a full background check and keeping the categories of services offered relatively short.

The video-chat services will be offered in a wide range of prices — from free with volunteers up to $20 per hour or more. It's a model that's not entirely unlike that other for-pay video "service" genre — porn — but Google says it has no intention of allowing "adult" content on Helpouts. Users will be able to rate the experts they work with and said experts will have a few tools to block users (should it come to that). For all of it, Google gets a 20 percent cut and is offering a money-back guarantee if things don't work out.

Available on desktop and Android

Google's 20 percent cut might help explain why this service, which is largely based on the cross-platform Hangouts tool, is only available on the web and on Android — Google has not yet decided whether or how to deal with Apple's own App Store policies and margins. The website for Hangouts looks very much like a one-off custom version of Google+, and even shares some of the same Hangouts on Air features that have been baked into that product. Each expert has a landing page where users can schedule a future Helpout or start one immediately. Users are identified with their public Google+ profiles — so each party knows who is calling, but nothing is posted publicly to Google+. If both parties agree, a Helpout chat can be saved for later review.

Some of those policies don't apply to the health section of Helpouts, however, where Google says it applies slightly stricter rules surrounding a user's identity and privacy. It also claims that any health-related Helpout will be HIPAA compliant.

Although it's a small launch, Google VP of Engineering Udi Manber was bullish on Helpouts' future. Likening current skepticism about Helpouts to how some felt about online shopping in the early days of the internet, Manber repeated over and over at a press event today that "in the end, convenience and efficiency always win." Helpouts certainly do seem to be both of those things, if the demos Google showed today were any indication. The real question is whether or not Helpouts will be helpful, or at least more helpful than a web search or YouTube how-to video.

 By Dieter Bohn

STUCK ON REBOOT (ANDROID)

REBOOTING ANDROID

You flashed a custom ROM and your phone won't boot into the home screen, Then probably because you did not wipe your data and/or cache. That way,it is trying to boot into the custom ROM, but some leftover data from your last ROM is causing it to make that error , therefore it reboots itself over and over again.

. This method assumes you're using ClockworkMod Recovery, like the majority of Android users, but if your particular phone uses a different third-party recovery (like AmonRA), you should still be able to find these options in the interface. They might just be in a different place. To wipe your data and cache:

1. Power down your phone. Turn it back on and boot into Recovery mode. This is a bit different for every phone, so you'll have to Google how to do it for your specific model. Usually it involves holding down another button, like Volume Down, as you turn your phone on. HTC phones will have to then select "Recovery" from a menu, while other phones will boot directly into ClockworkMod. You'll know you're in ClockworkMod by the words "ClockworkMod Recovery" at the top of the screen.
2. Use your volume keys to navigate the menus, and your power button to select menu items. Scroll down to Advanced, and choose "Wipe Dalvik Cache". When that's finished, go back to the main screen and choose "Wipe Cache Partition". Lastly, head to "Wipe Data/Factory Reset". This will delete all your settings and apps, but you should still be using the correct ROM.
3. Reboot your phone.

With any luck, it should boot right into your ROM.

MACBUNTU LINUX

Macbuntu is an open source operating system coined out of the Linux -based Ubuntu OS that features  OS X-inspired desktop shell. Macbuntu derives its Mac OS X look and feel from the Mac OS X Transformation Pack, which can also be used in other operating systems based on Debian / GTK to provide the same Mac OS X inspired shell interface.

No, but seriously, it’s actually a pretty solid operating system. It’s basically just Ubuntu 11.04 with a new theme style .

In case you missed it, 11.04 was the latest Ubuntu operating system that has actually worked for most of us without any sort of lag (like when opening a program or switching windows or opening the dash). So if you want a stable version of Ubuntu that works really well and looks really spiff, Macbuntu is a really easy option. And it’s just Ubuntu, so you already know how to use it.

Now, of course, you could just go through and just install the theme on your current version of Ubuntu,
but I’ve tried it, and it’s a pain in the ass. And you’d have to downgrade to 11.04 anyway if you
want the full Macbuntu awesomeness, so you might as well just install Macbuntu instead.
Visual apeal.

For windows users, using Mac Lion Pack transforms your Os to look more like Mac Os but now this really lags down your pc to a point you may throw it to your walk - unless you are running an i 8  ,hich is yet to be manufuctured.

So there you have it. If you want an operating system that looks fantastic, is easy to use, and
works with no setup, then Macbuntu is exactly the operating system for you. But if you want  something fun, look elsewhere.

CUSTOMIZABLE BOOT LOADER IN LINUX.

How to install Burg boot loader in linux

 

This is applicable to those who dual boot two or more operating system in a single pc. When the pc is cold booted in this case ,It normally displays a dull screen of the available Operating systems in which you are recommended to pick any to boot in. Now this tutorial is meant to customize the boot grub screen to look abit organised and visually impressive.

• To Install Burg in Ubuntu 12.04, 12.10 Quantal Quetzal,  and LinuxMint, Open terminal and enter the following commands :

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:n-muench/burg sudo apt-get update 
sudo apt-get install burg burg-themes

• Now to make  BURG integrate the HardDisk enter the following command in terminal:

 sudo burg-install "(hd0)"

Remember to substitute ‘hd0′  with the drive on which your MBR is installed.

• Now update burg:

 sudo update-burg

• Finally, run the following to test and set your theme:

sudo burg-emu

Press F2 To change theme .
Press F3 to change resolution
If you want to use  another easy way to configue burg, you need to install Burg- manager, for this check our previuos post.
Here are the hot-keys defined in the boot menu:

• t – Open theme selection menu
• f – Toggle between folding mode
• n – Jump to the next item with the same class
• w – Jump to the next Windows item
• u – Jump to the next Ubuntu item
• e – Edit the command of current boot item
• c – Open a terminal window
• 2 – Open two terminal windows
• h – Display help dialog (only available in sora theme)
• i – Display about dialog (only available in sora theme)
• q – Return to old grub menu
• F5/ctrl-x – Finish edit
• F6 – Switch window in dual terminal mode
• F7 – List the folded boot items
• F8 – Toggle between graphic and text mode
• F9 – shutdown
• F10 – reboot
• ESC – quit from the current popup menu or dialog.

SAFARICOM, HEAP OF IDEAS

It’s really suprising how close  Safaricom we’re portraying their national security  ideas basing on the Persons of Interest show .

Persons of Interest was also acted based on a part of a project that DARPA undertook a number of years ago that was coined Total Information Awareness, and a couple other projects: The U.S. Special Operations Command,Defense Intelligence Agency’s ,Able Danger, and the NSA’s ThinThread and Trailblazer.

The US government, for years now, has had a firehose of information—whether it’s
wiretapped phone calls, security cameras, Internet traffic monitoring—that pours into NSA headquarters at Fort Meade.And what the government has been actively looking for is a piece of a computer software—they call it a machine, because it sounds more dynamic to sift through that information. That’s what they’ve spent the last 10 years doing, building software.

So the only science-fiction part of the show is imagining that they actually built one that worked.It goes through everything, looking for malicious intent, listening for people scheming, plotting, and putting things together,pulling together all this aggregate information—whether it’s purchase records from credit card receipts, phone calls, emails, suspicious activity on surveillance cameras—to get a bigger picture of what’s happening out there.

All of that is going toward preventing these terrorist attacks or threats to national security, but they’re probably seeing all kinds of other stuff as well.

We have a couple of advisers who
use code names.Perhaps Safaricom has  been talking to some pretty interesting people, whether it’s in technology or in special operations—a number of people who have a pretty good idea of the government’s capabilities at this point.

If all goes well without any agonistic amongst our leaders, -as encountered in the Laptop plan, we’re reaching the point where all these information technologies are beginning to bear fruit, not just for the government but for private enterprises .

Ever wondered if the security body of our government had that ability to learn an awful lot about terrorist, gangs and other contrary channels really quick? and the other question is, what are they going to do with that information?

By Ken Ronoh.

A DRINK COMPANY TO LAND THEIR BILLBOARD ON THE MOON

Japanese beverage maker Otsuka is sending a 1 kilogram titanium can filled with powdered sports drink and children's dreams to the moon .

The specially designed
canister, which contains a shipment of Otsuka's Pocari Sweat powder, will mark a disturbing new frontier for humanity: the
first commercial product delivered to another world for marketing purposes.

The canister will be carried to the lunar surface aboard the first planned private moon-landing mission, set to take place in October 2015.

Otsuka says it hopes that the stunt will inspire young people to become astronauts, so they can travel the 380,000 kilometers (236,121 miles) to our closest celestial neighbor, crack open the can, and consume the powder inside.

The capsule will be conveyed to the moon by the Falcon 9 rocket. The Falcon 9, designed to be a potentially reusable means of space travel by Elon Musk's SpaceX, has already made three successful supply runs to the International Space Station, but the planned mission in October 2015 would be the first time one of its rockets has successfully provided propulsion to the
moon.

After the Falcon 9 rocket has ignited its second-stage boosters and completed a four-and-a-half day journey to the moon, the Pocari Sweat-branded canister will be deposited on the surface by private company Astrobotic Technology's "Griffin" lander. "Otsuka hopes someone will eventually be able to drink the moon powder" Pittsburgh-based Astrobotic Technology has more important reasons to be up on the moon than to leave a beverage can on its face.

The company is angling to win Google's Lunar X prize, a $20 million bounty for the first company to land a device on the moon that can both travel 500 meters on the surface and transmit high-definition pictures back to Earth. Astrobotic's deal with Otsuka will provide them with funds to achieve this goal — the company reportedly charges upwards of half a million dollars for lunar delivery — but the mission to drop a can is somewhat ironic: Astrobotic is a company that develops technologies for clearing space trash.

In addition to Pocari Sweat, the titanium capsule will contain the wishes of children from across Asia, obtained from letters sent
to the company and etched onto silver disks.

The company says that when the project succeeds, Pocari Sweat, with its ambiguous citrus taste, will become the first beverage to reach the surface of the moon. The American makers of another powdered beverage, orange flavored breakfast drink Tang, may take issue with that claim. NASA chose Tang to fly with its astronauts on a number of missions , but it's unclear if the powder ever actually made its way onto the lunar surface during the Apollo missions.

Read from Japan Times.

MICROSOFT WRITES A SECRETE BOOK TO NOKIA

In the months leading up to Microsoft’s acquisition of Nokia’s phone business, the two companies approached Shoreditch based media company TCOLondon to secretly build a unique book for the nearly 20,000 Nokia employees set to join Microsoft. The 128-page book was edited and illustrated in London before being printed and shipped to employees in more than 90 cities in 53 countries.

SONY'S SMALLEST CAMERA

The world's best pocketable camera just got better. After delivering the goods with last
year's RX100M2 , Sony is back today to announce the RX100M3. And like its predecessor, the goal here is to refine and push forward a camera that's already received accolades from users and overwhelmingly positive marks from the press.

Perhaps the most important ingredient here, the 20.9 megapixel CMOS sensor, remains unchanged. But Sony has made improvements to nearly everything
surrounding it.

Take the image processor for instance; it's now the same Bionz X chip found in the A7 and A7r.
"Same sensor, better everything else" The most immediate change you'll notice is the lens. It can now go wider than the RX100M2 — 24mm compared to the previous 28mm limit — and while it still
starts at an aperture of f/1.8 when fully zoomed out, it only drops to f/2.8 at the long end of the range. It's a little shorter at the telephoto end, topping out at 70mm whereas last year it could extend to 100mm.
But the RX100M2 was already fantastic in low light conditions, and this camera should handle itself even better thanks to
the more versatile aperture.

The slight tradeoff in reach will be well worth it for many. But there's another equally impressive
feature that's hidden inside the camera when you first pick it up: a retractable electronic viewfinder. Sony seems to have pulled off a masterful feat of engineering
here. All it takes is the flick of a button when you want to call upon the high-res, 1.4-million-dot EVF. Then once you're done, it simply disappears back into the
body. A retractable EVF on a camera that fits in your pocket. Color us impressed.

The third time around is also the charm for the rear LCD. It now tilts a full 180 degrees, making the RX100M3 better suited for selfies and some of your less serious
moments. As for new in-camera features, Sony is touting a new Lock AF mode that continuously tracks a moving subject by adjusting the AF frame around it. And there's now a "zebra" function that overlays white and black lines on any sections of your current shot that are overexposed.Finally, Sony is talking up the RX100M3's
video capabilities; an XAVC S mode allows for video recording at up to 50Mbps with "minimal" compression even in scenes filled
with movement.

The RX100M3 will be released in June for ksh 69,000. It's a pocketable camera, but Sony
also wants to sell the idea that this can be the do-everything camera for many consumers. Last year it came awfully close, and we can't wait to put its latest effort through the paces in our full review.

And while it's by no means aimed at the same customers, Sony has also announced pricing and availability for the video-focused A7s . Videographers will be able to purchase one in July for $2,499.99. It's expensive, but remember that Sony's latest
full-frame camera can shoot ultra high-res 4K video and basically see in the dark. That sort of luxury never comes cheap.

Source Sony.

JAPAN MAKES COMP CHIPS FROM LETTUCE

Being obsessive about food just got that little bit more interesting thanks to Fujitsu. They really think tirelessly to hit another level of their innovation. Surely this is fantastic, just like growing crops ,their harvests is twisted to electronic components . Let call this electro-farming .

Last year, the Japanese semiconductor company repurposed one of its factories to
the production of lettuce, and this month it's begun selling the special produce for around ($4.90) ,about 420 Kenyan shillings, per 90 grams.

That's a significant premium over conventionally grown greens, but then Fujitsu's lettuce is being cultivated in the same sterile clean room environment as is demanded for silicon chip manufacturing.

That means total control over airborne contaminants, an array of sensors monitoring all aspects of production, and an overarching cloud- based system that calculates factors like the ideal harvesting time.

Starting off with a focus on low-potassium lettuce for sufferers of kidney disease, Fujitsu anticipates it will be making ¥400 million ($4 million) per year from factory grown vegetables by April 2017.

The Japan Times also reports that, while Fujitsu's converted factory is the biggest so far, it is not alone. Other Japanese companies, such
as Olympus, are similarly converting idle high-tech fabs into exceptionally clean plant-growing facilities.

Featured in Pc mag.

BLUE SCREEN OF DEATH ERROR (SOLVED)

BLUE SCREEN OF DEATH (BSOD)

 Definition: Abbreviated as BSOD or BSoD, the Blue Screen of Death is the popularized name for what is technically called a STOP message or STOP error. It's the blue, full screen error that often displays after a serious system crash.

Viruses and registry problems lead to this situation, use a good antivirus like Kaspersky or Norton and use a system cleaner such as Reginout to fix your problem. Also read this article I paste here for you. I hope it would help you out.


(IN WINDOWS 8)

Anyone using Windows has likely experienced the infamous ‘Blue Screen of Death’, a.k.a. ‘Windows Stop Error’. This is a common error that occurs whenever Windows senses a software, hardware, or driver error preventing it from operating properly. So basically, almost anything from a minor glitch to a major system malfunction can cause this error to appear.


(IN WINDOWS 7)

Sometimes this problem will go away with a simple reboot and you may never see the blue screen again. But more typically, the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) is an indication of something serious and it will not simply go away. In terms of how to fix the Blue Screen of Death, there is no simple answer to that. Fixing it means first diagnosing the problem to find out what is wrong with your PC.

If you are not one of the lucky ones who can fix the BSOD with a reboot, then you will need to do some diagnosis to resolve the problem. With all the possible reasons for the BSOD ranging from software to hardware, or hardware drivers, it is very difficult to list a precise set of instructions for every possibly BSOD. The first step is to narrow down the possible source of this problem.

If you are seeing the BSOD randomly, even when in safe mode, chances are it is a hardware issue. If you have recently installed new hardware, this may be the culprit. One solution may be to remove the new component to see if the problem goes away. If you have not installed anything new, then you will need to investigate further. If you are not comfortable unplugging and re-installing hardware in your PC, this may be a good time to have a technician look at it.

If nothing showed up on the scans, then boot up again in safe mode and use the built in system restore utility. When running your system in safe mode, you can still access all the recent restore points created by the system restore utility. Run your system from the last known ‘good configuration’. On the other hand, if you know a recent software installation is the cause, then restore to the point created at that date.



TROUBLESHOOTING AND SOLUTIONS.


Here's How:

1. The most important Blue Screen of Death troubleshooting step you can take is to ask yourself what you just did.
   Did you just install a new program or a piece of hardware, update a driver, install an update, etc.? If so, there's a very good chance that the change you made caused the BSOD.
   Undo the change you made and test again for the STOP Error. Depending on what change you made, some solutions might include:
   
   • Startup using Last Known Good Configuration to undo recent registry and driver changes.
   • Use System Restore to undo recent system changes.
   • Roll Back device driver to version prior to your driver update.
2. Verify that a minimum amount of free space is available on your Windows partition. Blue Screens of Death and other serious issues, like data corruption, can occur if there's not enough free space on your primary partition used for the Windows operating system.
   Note: Microsoft recommends that you maintain at least 100MB of free space but I regularly see problems with free space that low. I usually advise Windows users to keep at least 15% of a drive's capacity free at all times.
   
3. Scan your computer for viruses. Some viruses can cause a Blue Screen of Death, especially ones that infect the master boot record (MBR) or boot sector.
   Important: Make sure your virus scanning software is completely up to date and that it's configured to scan the MBR and boot sector.
   
4. Apply all available Windows service packs and other updates. Microsoft regularly releases patches and service packs for their operating systems that may contain fixes for the cause of your BSOD.
   
5. Update drivers for your hardware. Most Blue Screens of Death are hardware or driver related so updated drivers could fix the cause of the STOP error.
   
6. Check the System and Application logs in Event Viewer (7/Vista | XP) for errors or warnings that might provide more clues on the cause of the BSOD.
   
7. Return hardware settings to default in Device Manager. Unless you have a specific reason to do so, the system resources that an individual piece of hardware is configured to use in Device Manager should be set to default. Non-default hardware settings have been known to cause a Blue Screen of Death.
   
8. Return BIOS settings to their default levels. An overclocked or misconfigured BIOS can cause all sorts of random issues, including BSODs.
   Note: If you've made several customizations to your BIOS settings and don't wish to load the default ones then at least try returning clock speed, voltage settings, and BIOS memory options to their default settings and see if that fixes the STOP error.
   
9. Make sure all internal cables, cards, and other components are installed and seated properly. Hardware that's not firmly in place can cause a Blue Screen of Death so try reseating the following and then test for the STOP message again:
   
   • Reseat all internal data and power cables
   • Reseat the memory modules
   • Reseat any expansion cards
10. Perform diagnostic tests on all hardware you're able to test. It's highly likely that the root cause of any given Blue Screen of Death is a failing piece of hardware:
    
    • Test your system memory
    • Test your hard disk drive
    If a test fails, replace the memory or replace the hard drive as soon as possible.
    
11. Update your BIOS. In some situations, and outdated BIOS could cause a Blue Screen of Death due to certain incompatibilities.
    
12. Start your PC with essential hardware only. A useful troubleshooting step in many situations, including BSOD issues, is to start your computer with the minimum hardware necessary to run the operating system. If your computer starts successfully it proves that one of the removed hardware devices was the cause of the STOP message.
    
    Tip: Typically, the only necessary hardware for starting your PC through to the operating system includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM, primary hard drive, keyboard, video card, and monitor.
    

GOLD HARVESTING IN PC PARTS

Older computer chips, transistors & electronics components from the 1960's & 70's contain the most gold content in general as they were often designed for military and aerospace applications which required them to have heavier gold-plated caps (lids) and leads/pins/connectors which offered the component increased longevity, heat, radiation and corrosion resistance.


 

During the 1990's some early versions of the Intel Pentium Processor, Intel Pentium Pro Processor, and many DEC Alpha had large gold-plated caps,  connector pins, and internally had solid gold wiring making them good candidates for gold recovery.

Up to around 1998, very fine solid gold wiring was used in wire bonding the computer chip (die) to the substrate packaging. Gold wire used in Integrated circuit packaging were typically 99.9% pure gold. All other components (caps, lids, pins  & pads) were only gold-plated. Some manufactures have also used aluminum or copper wiring in the past in place of solid gold wiring to cut material costs.

The Intel Pentium Pro Processor has one of the highest gold contents of any mainstream CPU package from the 1990's to date due to it's much larger package size contributing to a an increased number of gold plated pins and much larger gold plated cap. The Pentium Pro also had two separate chips inside so this doubled the amount of solid gold wire bonding that is usually found in a single chip CPU. Gold refining yields of the Pentium Pro have been reported to be as high as around one gram per CPU.

Modern computer chips manufactured after 1998 have very little gold content in them because most CPU's no longer use solid gold wire bonding technology or gold-plated lids in their packaging.

For example, the Intel Pentium 4 Microprocessor came in an organic (non ceramic) package with a nickle-plated copper lid, & it did not use gold wire internally to attach the silicon chip to it's package. It's only noticeable gold content came from it's connector pins that were thinly gold-plated. However, the pins were gold-plated to a thickness of only 0.76 microns - that calculates to just around a few cents worth of gold value per CPU.

 Depending on their age, computer motherboards and other electronic circuit boards can also contain rich gold content made up of gold-plated circuit traces, edge fingers, connectors, Integrated Circuits, transistors, & memory chips. Before sending your computer motherboards and gold-laden PCB cards to the precious metal recyclers you should make sure to check for their collectible value first. Some of these circuit boards are highly sought after by vintage computer collectors & hobbyists.

Today, a typical organic CPU package is no longer made with connector pins, instead they use thinly gold-plated connection pads which is used to socket the CPU to a motherboard.

---

 

HAPPY BIRTHDAY MARK ZUCKERBERG

The Facebook founder has made grey hoodies and pool sliders his signature look. But at 30,
it might be time to review his wardrobe choices. Our men's fashion experts offer some advice
Mark Zuckerberg in a hoodie. Who'd have thought? Just as a stopped clock is right twice a day,
Mark Zuckerberg’s look happens to be very much in fashion at the moment. Call it Normcore, call it deviation chic , Zuckerberg’s

T-shirts, hoodies and backpacks are very much along the lines of the current vogue for understated, logo-free dressing. But when a twentysomething billionaire
becomes a thirtysomething billionaire, is it time for a rethink of the silhouette, before –
like most men who have very little time for a wardrobe rethink – the Facebook founder gets eternally stuck in a sartorial rut at 37 ?

The hoodie is to Mark Zuckerberg what the black turtleneck was to Steve Jobs, a piece of clothing that makes for a simple, unfussy uniform. However, let's not pretend there aren't problems with the wider Zuckerberg wardrobe. Truly, everything he wears looks a mess, as if he has peeled it off a dorm-room floor, given it a shake and put it back on

The Brain on machines

When you sit at your computer, browsing the Internet, playing video games and running word processors, it's easy to feel
like you're in control. But have you ever thought about what really makes your desktop or laptop run?
Microprocessors, tiny computer chips, pack a powerful punch and crunch all of the  important numbers.

How small are microprocessors?
What can they do?

Start
What does CPU stand for?
Core processing unit
Computer processing unit
Central processing unit

Next
When was the first commercial
microprocessor introduced?
1961
1971
1981

Next
Out of what material are computer chips
made?
Plastic
Silicon
Olestra

Next
The width of the smallest wire on a
computer chip is typcially measured in:
Millimeters
Microns
Nanometers

Next
Which of the following is not part of a computer chip's job?
Performing mathematical operations
Moving data from one memory
location to another
Starting up the computer.

Next
To what do buses and lines connect in a
computer chip?
ROM
RAM
ROM and RAM

Next
What does ROM stand for?
Read-only memory
Random-only memory
Read-on memory

Next
On a PC, what do the BIOS (Basic Input/
Output System) instructions do?
Load the operating system
Test hardware in the machine
Both of the above

Next
Computer chip designers create language
instructions that the microprocessor
reads. What part of the computer can
translate the words from the instructions
into bit patterns the chip can understand?
The assembler
The program counter
The ALU

Next
About how much address space can a 64-
bit microprocessor access?
4 GB
1,000 GB
One billion GB

Next
The Intel 8086 processor, introduced in
1978, included what important advance?
It included two separate processors on
one chip.
It was one of the first 16-bit
processors.
It introduced floating decimal
processing.

Next
How many transistors are included in the
Intel Core i7 processor, introduced in
2008?
7 million
73 million
731 million

Next
The CPU is included on a central
component of the computer known as:
The BIOS adapter
The motherboard
The command center

Next
What is a CPU’s clock speed?
The accuracy of time-keeping function
The number of times a second it
refreshes its memory
The rate at which it can execute
instructions

Next
The memory that a CPU can use directly is
called:
Cache memory
Clock memory
Direct access memory

Next
The process size of a CPU refers to what?
The fineness of the manufacturing
technique
The amount of cache memory
The number of calculations per second

Next
A turbo boost allows a CPU to:
Rev up its cooling fan
Run at a speed faster than that for
which it’s rated
Access the hard drive directly

Next
Every CPU needs to:
Dissipate heat
Be refreshed by the computer’s ROM
Spend time in the off state

Next
Which type of CPU was used in the first
IBM personal computer?
8-bit
16-bit
32-bit

Next
The first commercial processor was used
in:
The ENIAC computer
A programmable business calculator
The Apple Macintosh

Next
Which of these is an important
manufacturer of CPU chips?

ADM
HP
AMD

THE PROCESS BEHIND SENDING AN SMS (GSM)

THE PROCESS BEHIND SENDING AN SMS (GSM)

 Have you ever wondered what happens when you send a text? For it to reach its final destination, it passes through series of protocols and validation in the service provider’s systems. This systems includes base transceiver stations (BTS), base switching center (BSC), mobile switching center (MSC) and the database systems (ELR, VLR, EIR)

When an message is immediately sent, it is transmitted via the radio waves in the air to the BTS, then to the BSC via the ABIS channel. The BSC function is to control traffic and to assign signals from one channel to the other. As our message leaves the BSC, it is transferred to the MSC and then stored in the within SMSC (short message service center)  while the subscribers details are validated using the following database.

·         Home Location Register (HLR) - Main copy of the database

·         Visitor’s location Register (VLR - The copy of the HLR

·         Equipment Identification Register (EIR) – checks mobile devices ownership and information i.e. stolen or cloned.

This database ELR and VLR contains the following

·         IMSI (International mobile subscriber’s identity) which has

Ø  Country code

Ø  Callers ID

Ø  Mobiles phones unique ID (EMEI)

·         MSISDN (Mobile subscribers ISDN number) which has

Ø  Your mobile number

Ø  Subscriber’s mobile phones tariff. I.e. Texts, Minutes and data.

The channel between the BSC and the MSC is referred to as the “A” interface .The MSC handles significant tasks and this makes it the Heart of the communication channel.

Once this information has been confirmed our message can move to the final part of the journey. At this point the MSC asks the HLR for the recipient location using the phone number saved in the massage. 

 

Once this information has been received the message is released and passed through the transit channel to the appropriate MSC which then passes it to the BTS in the geographical range of the recipient.

 

Finally the message reaches its destination.

BY: KEN RONOH.